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A device, used for measuring spherical and/or cylindrical prescription for eyeglasses, from the middle of the 18th century until around 1922, when modern instruments were developed.〔"The Modern Phorometer," 1917, Henry DeZeng, self-published, Camden New Jersey〕〔"Instructions for L. A. Berteling's Compound Optometer," 1885, L. A. Berteling, George Spaulding & Co. San Francisco〕〔"Ein Neues Optometer," 1863, Karl Burow, Berlin〕 The term, coined in 1738 by W. Porterfield to describe his Scheiner slit optometer,〔"Thomas Young's Contribution to Visual Optics", Journal of Vision, Oct 14, 2010, David A. Atchison and W. Neil Charman.〕 and used for 200 years to describe many different inventions to measure refractive error of the eye, has completely fallen out of usage today as the task of measuring eyes for spectacles is done with modern instruments, such as the phoropter. ==Examples of Optometers== image:Optometer, 18th century style.jpg|18th century style slide optometer image:Optometerdavidson1880'sUK.png|Davidson's Optometer, 1880's, British.]] image:Johnston Optometer.jpg|Johnston Optometer, 1882, American image:Johnston Optometer patent.png|1882 Patent for Johnston Optometer〔U.S. Patent Office〕 image:Bertelings Compound Optometer of 1885, back view.jpg|Bertelings Compound Optometer, 1885, American.〔"Instructions for L. A. Berteling's Compound Optometer," 1885, L. A. Berteling, George Spaulding & Co. San Francisco, p. 17〕 image:Bertelings Compound Optometer of 1885, front view.jpg|Bertelings Compound Optometer of 1885, front view.〔"Instructions for L. A. Berteling's Compound Optometer," 1885, L. A. Berteling, George Spaulding & Co. San Francisco, p. 16〕 image:DeZeng's Phorometer Trial Frame of 1917.jpg|DeZeng's Phorometer Trial Frame of 1909.〔"The Modern Phorometer," 1917, Henry DeZeng, self-published, Camden New Jersey, p.26〕 image:DeZeng's Phoro-Optometer of 1917.jpg|DeZeng's Phoro-Optometer of 1917.〔"The Modern Phorometer," 1917, Henry DeZeng, self-published, Camden New Jersey, p 46〕 image:DeZeng's Phoro-Optometer of 1917 with wall mount.jpg|DeZeng's Phoro-Optometer of 1917 with wall mount.〔"The Modern Phorometer," 1917, Henry DeZeng, self-published, Camden New Jersey, frontispiece〕 A phoropter is one of several generic names for modern instruments containing an optometer (battery of lenses for determination of optical error), combined with prisms and other attachments for measuring binocularity. The term refractor is another such term, and "vision tester" or other descriptive terms are used because phoroptor, spelled with "-or", is actually a trademark of one company.〔"Visual Optics and Refraction" by David D. Michaels, Mosby 1980, p. 232〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Optometer (ophthalmic instrument)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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